# How to Create a Database in Appwrite Using Python

Appwrite is an open-source backend platform that reduces a developer's effort and time spent building a backend server from scratch. It is a backend-as-a-service solution that handles backend tasks for web, mobile, and Flutter apps.

Appwrite offers databases, authentication, storage, real-time communication, and many other services.

Creating and configuring a database in a web app is time-consuming, and this tutorial will walk you through the process of doing so in simple steps using Appwrite's Python SDK (Software Development Kit) or package.

If you don't want to deal with preliminary tasks before setting up the database in the Appwrite cloud, you can skip to the database creation section.

## Collecting Required Info

Before you begin creating a database on the Appwrite cloud, you must first obtain the following credentials from the Appwrite console:

* **Appwrite API key**
    
* **Appwrite Project ID**
    
* **Appwrite Cloud API Endpoint**
    

### Step 1: Obtaining Project ID

* To gain access to the Appwrite console, create an account on the Appwrite cloud ([https://cloud.appwrite.io/](https://cloud.appwrite.io/)) or login if you already have one.
    
* Click the **"Create project"** button, give your project a name, and then save the **"Project ID"**.
    

![Project Creation and Saving Project ID](https://cdn.hashnode.com/res/hashnode/image/upload/v1690287869896/927f9140-e03b-4db7-8ae0-b86ae8bea7d1.png align="center")

### Step 2: Obtaining API Key

* After you've created a new project, scroll down and click the **"API Key"** button.
    
* Fill in the API name and select the expiration time, then click the **"Next"** button, then add the scope **"Database"**, and finally click the **"Create"** button.
    

![API Key Setup](https://cdn.hashnode.com/res/hashnode/image/upload/v1690289505532/e6f09c22-b501-4d35-add2-ea13741a4349.png align="center")

* Scroll down the Appwrite console and click on **"API Keys"** under the **"Integrations"** section, followed by your newly created **API name**.
    
* Copy the project's API Key by clicking on the **"API Key Secret"** button.
    

![API Key Secret](https://cdn.hashnode.com/res/hashnode/image/upload/v1690290350979/c80c3372-ca2e-4d7a-8b3e-cdee8c22630c.png align="center")

## Installing Appwrite's Python Package

Using Python to create a database on the Appwrite cloud requires a Python package called `appwrite`, which provides API access to interact with the Appwrite backend and perform various tasks.

Open a terminal window and type the following command to install the Python package `appwrite` with `pip`.

```bash
pip install appwrite
```

## Creating a Database

Creating a database on the Appwrite cloud involves simple steps. With all the required credentials gathered, let's create a database using Python.

### Importing Required Modules

```python
from appwrite.client import Client
from appwrite.services.databases import Databases
from appwrite.id import ID
import os
from dotenv import load_dotenv
```

`from appwrite.client import Client`: To interact with the Appwrite API, the `Client` class is imported from the `appwrite.client` module. The `Client` class will allow you to configure the API key, Project ID, and API endpoint for making Appwrite backend requests.

`from appwrite.services.databases import Databases`: To work with Database on the Appwrite cloud, the `Databases` class is imported from the `appwrite.services.databases` module.

`from appwrite.id import ID`: To generate unique IDs that can be used within Appwrite, the `ID` class is imported from the `appwrite.id` module.

`import os`: To interact with the operating system, the `os` module is imported.

`from dotenv import load_dotenv`: To load environment variables to the Python file. The library can be installed with `pip install python-dotenv`, if it is not installed.

### Configuring the Appwrite Client for API Access

```python
""" Configuring Appwrite Client """
# Instantiating Appwrite Client
client = Client()

# To load environment variables
load_dotenv()

# Configuring Appwrite Client
(client
 # Setting API Endpoint
 .set_endpoint('https://cloud.appwrite.io/v1')
 # Setting Project ID
 .set_project(os.getenv('PROJECT_ID'))
 # Setting API Key
 .set_key(os.getenv('API_KEY'))
 )
```

**Instantiating Appwrite Client**: The `Client` class instance is created and stored in the `client` variable.

The environment variables (`PROJECT_ID` and `API_KEY`) are loaded into the script using the `load_dotenv()` function.

**Setting API Endpoint**: The Appwrite client's `set_endpoint()` method is used to set the API endpoint to the URL `'`[`https://cloud.appwrite.io/v1`](https://cloud.appwrite.io/v1)`'`.

**Setting Project ID**: The Appwrite client's `set_project()` method is used to set the Project ID of the project by retrieving it from the environment variable `'PROJECT ID'` using `os.getenv('PROJECT ID')`.

**Setting API Key**: Similarly, the API key is set with the `set_key()` method, and it was retrieved from the environment variable `'API_KEY'` with `os.getenv('API_KEY')`.

### Creating a New Database

```python
""" Creating Database """
# Initializing databases service
databases = Databases(client)

# To generate unique database ID
db_id = ID.unique()

# Creating a new database
create_db = databases.create(db_id, 'BooksDB')
print("Database Successfully Created.")
```

The `Databases` instance is created with `Databases(client)` and saved in the `databases` variable. This enables interaction with the Appwrite Database API and the execution of various database-related tasks.

The `ID.unique()` method is used to generate a unique ID for the database, which is then stored in the `db_id` variable.

The code then creates a database by calling the `databases.create()` method, which takes two parameters: the database ID in this case, `db_id`, and the database name, which in this case is `'BooksDB'`.

If you run the file, the database will be created and will be visible on the Appwrite cloud.

![Database Created](https://cdn.hashnode.com/res/hashnode/image/upload/v1690386227415/7503f3c9-7236-49f4-811b-4a613a494bef.png align="center")

Creating a database is not sufficient, especially if you intend to connect it to a web app. It's required for CRUD operations like adding new data, updating it, reading it, and even deleting it.

To create a fully functional database for data storage, the following must be created:

* **Collections**
    
* **Attributes**
    
* **Documents**
    

## Creating Collections

Collections in the Appwrite database are data storage containers similar to tables in traditional databases.

You can create multiple collections in a single Appwrite database to store and manage data from various sources, which will aid in data management.

```python
"""Creating Collections"""
# Database ID
database_id = create_db['$id']
# For Generating Unique Collection ID
collection_id = ID.unique()

# Creating a New Collection
new_collection = databases.create_collection(database_id=database_id,
                                             collection_id=collection_id,
                                             name='Books')

print('Collection Successfully Created.')
```

The database ID is retrieved using `create_db['$id']` and stored in the `database_id` variable.

The `ID.unique()` method is used to generate a unique ID for the collection in the database and the resulting ID is stored in the `collection_id` variable.

To create a new collection, the `databases.create_collection()` method is used. It accepts three required arguments: `database_id`, which represents the ID of the database where the collection will be created, `collection_id`, a unique ID to ensure no conflicts with existing collections, and `name`, which specifies the name of the new collection, which is `"Books"` in this case.

![Collection Created](https://cdn.hashnode.com/res/hashnode/image/upload/v1690560273368/5e937cf1-715f-48f1-bac6-06e738e8323d.png align="center")

## Creating Attributes

Following the completion of collections, the next step is to create attributes. The attributes define the schema of the data. Attributes are of different [types](https://appwrite.io/docs/databases#attributes), you can choose as per requirement.

Attributes are similar to fields in a traditional database table, where data is stored under the respective field. This ensures a standardized structure of the documents in the Appwrite database.

Since the database is for **Book** details, the schema will be as follows:

* `id` - `integer`: Used to store the book's ID.
    
* `image` - `url`: Book image
    
* `title` - `string`: The title of the book
    
* `author` - `string`: The author of the book
    
* `genre` - `string`: The book's genre
    

The attributes will be generated based on the fields listed above.

```python
"""Creating Attributes"""
# Collection ID of Book
c_id = new_collection['$id']

""" Creating integer attribute """
# ID Attribute
book_id = databases.create_integer_attribute(database_id=database_id,
                                             collection_id=c_id,
                                             key="id",
                                             required=True)

""" Creating url attribute """
# URL Attribute
book_url = databases.create_url_attribute(database_id=database_id,
                                          collection_id=c_id,
                                          key="image",
                                          required=True)

""" Creating string attribute """
# Title Attribute
book_title = databases.create_string_attribute(database_id=database_id,
                                               collection_id=c_id,
                                               key="title",
                                               required=True,
                                               size=100)

# Author Attribute
book_author = databases.create_string_attribute(database_id=database_id,
                                                collection_id=c_id,
                                                key="author",
                                                required=True,
                                                size=50)

# Genre Attribute
book_genre = databases.create_string_attribute(database_id=database_id,
                                               collection_id=c_id,
                                               key="genre",
                                               required=True,
                                               size=50)

print("Attributes Successfully Created.")
```

The `create_integer_attribute()` method is used to create the integer attribute **"id"** for the **"Books"** collection. This method is invoked with four mandatory arguments: `database_id` (set to `database_id`), `collection_id` (set to `c_id`), `key` (set to `"id"` as the attribute name), and `required` (set to `True` to indicate that the value of this attribute cannot be left empty).

The `create_url_attribute()` method is used to create the URL attribute **"image"** for the **"Books"** collection. This method is also called with four mandatory arguments: `database_id`, `collection_id`, `key` set to `"image"`, and `required` parameter set to `True`.

Finally, the `create_string_attribute()` method is used to create three string attributes, namely **"title"**, **"author"**, and **"genre"** for the **"Books"** collection. This method requires five parameters: `database_id`, `collection_id`, `key`, `required`, and `size`, which is the maximum number of characters allowed for the attribute.

![Attributes](https://cdn.hashnode.com/res/hashnode/image/upload/v1690624615347/96c85b3f-5932-45bd-aca7-964541f60aae.png align="center")

Now that all processes have been completed and the database is ready, you can add data from the frontend and store it as documents within the database.

## Adding Documents

Following the schema that was created in the previous section, data will be added programmatically within the collection called **"Books"** in the database called **"BooksDB"** in this section.

```python
""" Adding Documents """
# Unique Identifier for Document ID
document_id = ID.unique()

""" Function for Adding Documents(data) in the Database """
def add_doc(document):
    try:
        doc = databases.create_document(
            database_id=database_id,
            collection_id=c_id,
            document_id=document_id,
            data=document
        )

        print("Id:", doc['id'])
        print("Image:", doc['image'])
        print("Title:", doc['title'])
        print("Author:", doc['author'])
        print("Genre:", doc['genre'])
        print("-" * 20)

    except Exception as e:
        print(e)
```

The code defines an `add_doc` function that takes a single argument named `document`. Within the function's `try` block, the `databases.create_document()` method is invoked to generate a document, which is subsequently stored in the `doc` variable.

This method requires four mandatory parameters: `database_id` (set as `database_id`), `collection_id` (set as `c_id`), `document_id` (representing a unique ID for the document, specifically assigned as `document_id`), and `data` (representing the document's content formatted in a dictionary).

The `doc` variable stores a dictionary returned by the `databases.create_document()`. Utilizing this `doc` variable, the code retrieves the **id**, **image**, **title**, **author**, and **genre** of the added document and prints them.

If an exception arises during the `try` block's execution, the code captures the error and displays an error message.

### Data

```python
# Data To Be Added
book_1 = {
    "id": 1,
    "image": "https://i.pinimg.com/474x/dc/17/2d/dc172d6fa3f5461d94e6d384aded2cb4.jpg",
    "title": "The Great Gatsby",
    "author": "F. Scott Fitzgerald",
    "genre": "Fiction"
}

book_2 = {
    "id": 2,
    "image": "https://i.pinimg.com/originals/0b/bf/b5/0bbfb59b4d5592e2e7fac9930012ce6d.jpg",
    "title": "To Kill a Mockingbird",
    "author": "Harper Lee",
    "genre": "Fiction"
}

book_3 = {
    "id": 3,
    "image": "https://i.pinimg.com/736x/66/1d/17/661d179ab722e67eed274d24b8965b0d.jpg",
    "title": "Pride and Prejudice",
    "author": "Jane Austen",
    "genre": "Romance"
}

book_4 = {
    "id": 4,
    "image": "https://i.pinimg.com/originals/68/c5/4c/68c54c9599ba37d9ab98c0c51afe2298.png",
    "title": "Crime and Punishment",
    "author": "Fyodor Dostoevsky",
    "genre": "Psychological Fiction"
}

# Calling function with the data to be added
add_doc(book_1)
add_doc(book_2)
add_doc(book_3)
add_doc(book_4)
print("Documents Successfully Added.")
```

When you run the whole code, the following output will be prompted and the database, collection, and attributes will be created and documents will then be added.

```bash
Database Successfully Created.
Collection Successfully Created.
Attributes Successfully Created.
Id: 1
Image: https://i.pinimg.com/474x/dc/17/2d/dc172d6fa3f5461d94e6d384aded2cb4.jpg
Title: The Great Gatsby
Author: F. Scott Fitzgerald
Genre: Fiction
--------------------
Id: 2
Image: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/0b/bf/b5/0bbfb59b4d5592e2e7fac9930012ce6d.jpg
Title: To Kill a Mockingbird
Author: Harper Lee
Genre: Fiction
--------------------
Id: 3
Image: https://i.pinimg.com/736x/66/1d/17/661d179ab722e67eed274d24b8965b0d.jpg
Title: Pride and Prejudice
Author: Jane Austen
Genre: Romance
--------------------
Id: 4
Image: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/68/c5/4c/68c54c9599ba37d9ab98c0c51afe2298.png
Title: Crime and Punishment
Author: Fyodor Dostoevsky
Genre: Psychological Fiction
--------------------
Documents Successfully Added.
```

![Documents](https://cdn.hashnode.com/res/hashnode/image/upload/v1690643743958/ecb4dfaf-d328-497f-ac05-6e0de82efcf6.png align="center")

## Source Code

Access the full source code from the following GitHub repository, clone or download the code and run it in your favorite IDE.

[Python Script For Creating Appwrite Database](https://github.com/Sachin-crypto/PythonxAppwrite)

## Conclusion

The tutorial walked you through the steps of setting up a new database in the Appwrite cloud. It also includes instructions for creating a new project, creating an API key for the project, and obtaining the project ID and API key from the Appwrite cloud.

Following the creation of the database, the tutorial takes you through the steps of making it fully functional by adding collections and attributes. The documents (data) are then added programmatically.

Let's go over the steps in this tutorial for creating a new database:

* **Obtaining the necessary Appwrite cloud credentials**
    
* **Installing the Python package** `appwrite`
    
* **Making a database**
    
* **Making a collection**
    
* **Adding the attributes**
    
* **Adding the documents programmatically**
    

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